[{'type': 'h2', 'content': 'Is everyone intelligent?'}, {'type': 'p', 'content': "\nThe study of human intelligence is ongoing, and debates over its definition remain unresolved. Alfred Binet, a French psychologist, developed the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test in 1905, yet its validity continues to be debated today. The Flynn Effect observed a sustained increase in intelligence test scores worldwide since the 1930s. However, research from Northwestern University and the University of Oregon indicates a decline in IQ scores in the United States between 2006 and 2018. Similarly, a 2018 study in Norway reported a long-term decline in IQ scores. This suggests that the traditional concept of IQ as a singular measure of intelligence is no longer fully relevant in the digital era. Human intelligence has evolved with technological advancements. For instance, people's memory capacity has decreased since the advent of Google and cloud storage, even though traditional IQ tests measure memory skills. This shift implies that intelligence now encompasses new skills required in the digital age.\n"}, {'type': 'p', 'content': 'Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, introduced in 1983, expands on the limitations of the IQ test, which primarily measures linguistic, logical, and spatial intelligences. Gardner’s theory adds six other types of intelligence that IQ tests do not cover: musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, and existential intelligences. However, Gardner’s theory has not yet been extensively tested. Musical intelligence, which involves creating songs, singing, or playing musical instruments, and kinesthetic intelligence, related to controlling the body through dance or sports, are not typically required for general success.\n'}, {'type': 'p', 'content': 'Generally, success relies on linguistic intelligence for speaking, writing, and understanding language, logical intelligence for mathematics, and spatial intelligence for structured thinking and problem-solving. Intrapersonal intelligence involves managing one’s own emotions, while interpersonal intelligence pertains to forming relationships with others, both of which are important for achieving success. Naturalistic intelligence involves understanding and responding to the environment, and existential intelligence is necessary for understanding life’s meaning and ethical and moral considerations. Both naturalistic and existential intelligences also contribute to achieving success.\n'}, {'type': 'p', 'content': '\nIn his 1995 book "Emotional Intelligence," Daniel Goleman also critiques the IQ test by concluding that 80% of a person’s success is attributed to emotional intelligence, while IQ accounts for only 20%. The ability to manage emotions and feelings is crucial for building quality relationships. Although emotional intelligence has faced criticism regarding its role in leadership and success, it remains widely discussed and used for personal development. Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and existential intelligences, as introduced by Gardner, are considered components of emotional intelligence as developed by Goleman.\n'}, {'type': 'p', 'content': 'Robert Sternberg (2003) proposed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, which was later refined into the Theory of Successful Intelligence. This theory includes three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical. These three intelligences are believed to help individuals achieve their desired success. Analytical intelligence, which encompasses linguistic, logical, and spatial intelligence as articulated by Gardner, can be measured by IQ tests. However, IQ alone has not been proven to guarantee success. Successful individuals also need practical intelligence, which Gardner had introduced earlier as part of naturalistic intelligence. Practical intelligence involves the ability to adapt to change. In today’s rapidly changing and disruptive environment, agility, flexibility, and adaptability are essential for aligning one’s knowledge with new challenges. Additionally, creative intelligence, as proposed by Sternberg, is crucial for achieving success. Although spatial intelligence, developed by Gardner, is part of creative intelligence, no other expert has specifically defined creative intelligence. Sternberg’s concept of creative intelligence involves imagination, thinking across perspectives, and generating new ideas. In the digital age, creativity is encouraged and essential for success. Despite this, Sternberg’s theory of multiple intelligences has yet to be universally accepted within the scientific community as an absolute measure of human intelligence.\n'}, {'type': 'p', 'content': 'Regardless of the ongoing debates about intelligence, Dudley Lynch (2003) proposed a theory of brain mapping that introduces four thinking abilities: precision thinking abilities, aim and act thinking abilities, feeling power thinking abilities, and open-ended thinking abilities. Lynch used the term "thinking abilities" to describe these concepts. Intelligence is seen as the capacity for thinking, which encompasses various thinking abilities. According to Lynch’s brain mapping theory, there are four quadrants of thinking abilities: the upper brain, lower brain, right brain, and left brain. The combination of the left brain and upper brain results in precision thinking abilities. The combination of the left brain and lower brain results in aim and act thinking abilities. The combination of the right brain and lower brain leads to feeling power thinking. Open-ended thinking is the result of the combination of the right brain and upper brain. Lynch’s brain mapping clarifies the ongoing discussions about intelligence.\n'}, {'type': 'p', 'content': 'Based on brain mapping, it can be concluded that at least four types of human intelligence are needed to achieve success. These include three types from Sternberg’s theory: 1) analytical intelligence, 2) practical intelligence, and 3) creative intelligence, as well as 4) emotional intelligence from Goleman’s theory. These four types of intelligence align with the thinking abilities developed by Dudley Lynch where precision thinking abilities are the outcome of analytical intelligence, aim and act thinking abilities result from practical intelligence, feeling power thinking abilities come from emotional intelligence, and open-ended thinking abilities stem from creative intelligence. Each of these intelligences involves different thinking capacities required for achieving desired success. Meanwhile, musical and kinesthetic intelligence, introduced by Gardner, pertain to artistic and bodily skills and are relatively less critical for achieving general success.\n'}, {'type': 'p', 'content': "In addition, the debate over whether human intelligence is innate or can be developed and changed depending on one's mindset continues. Carol Dweck (1988) categorized mindsets into two types: fixed mindset and growth mindset to address how intelligence is shaped. A fixed mindset cannot change one's intelligence, whereas a growth mindset allows individuals to enhance their intelligence. This is supported by a meta-study (2018) which found that education positively impacts a person's intelligence. Education must cultivate a growth mindset in students. Without a growth mindset, intelligence is difficult to change.\n"}, {'type': 'p', 'content': "Furthermore, a meta-analysis studying millions of people across 50 countries has found that human intelligence significantly influences personality traits. A person's intelligence shapes their personality, which happens when their mindset allows it. Someone with dominant analytical intelligence and a mindset that supports this intelligence will likely excel with numbers, words, and data, and tend to exhibit personality traits such as rule-following, organization, neatness, discipline, planning, risk aversion, procedural behavior, boredom resistance, rigidity, and punctuality. To change one’s personality, a person must have a mindset that allows for the development of other types of intelligence, leading to a more nuanced personality.\n"}, {'type': 'p', 'content': '\nAdditionally, someone with practical intelligence who excels at adapting to change will find it easy to motivate others (as a motivator), compete effectively (as a competitor), lead (as a commander), dominate conversations (as an actor), and persuade others to agree with their goals (as an achiever). These are the five talents derived from practical intelligence. Intelligence and talent are inseparable. Developing intelligence will inevitably lead to the emergence of various talents. Filho & Silva (2020) emphasize that intelligence and talent cannot be separated. So, what do you think? Can everyone become more intelligent or smarter?\n'}, {'type': 'p', 'content': '\nMake it a good day!\n<br>\nGreeting transformation'}]